NCERT AND TNSCERT SHORTS | UPSC | SSC | TNPSC | NET | SET | TRB | CTET | TET |

  10.India After Independence Problems in unity and problems in development in the new nation were seen as the major challenges in the initial years India's population in 1947 was 345 million , 8 million refugees had come to India during partition, they had to be found homes and jobs The unification of nearly 500 princely states had to be addressed, also developments such as increasing agricultural productivity and promoting new job creating industries were needed The members of the "Constitutional Assembly" framed the constitution between December 1946 and November 1949, which came into effect on 26 January 1950       A CONSTITUTION IS WRITTEN The Constitution adopted the universal adult franchise  (All Indians above 21 years of age can vote) In UK and US, the voting rights granted step-by-step (first for the men of property, then educated, then for working class men, then after struggles American and British women got the right to vote) The Constitution ...

9.The Making of the National Movement: 1870s - 1947 Important Associations such as the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha(Sarva - all+ janik - of the people), the Indian Association, the Madras Mahajan Sabha, the Bombay Presidency Association, the Indian National Congress sparked the National Movement In 1878, the Arms Act (disallowing Indians from possesing arms), the Vernacular Press Act (silenced the critics of government) and the amendment of Illbert bill in 1884 (a jury of 50% Europeans required for the trial of Europeans by Indians) enraged the Indians The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 Important leaders were Dadabhai Naroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Baddrudin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt and S.Subramania Iyer In the beginning, the Congress was "moderate" in its objectives and methods (Prayer, Petition and Protest) It demanded the legislative council to be made more Indian representative, Indianisation of higher administrative po...

6. Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners Cotton textile Industries made Britain the foremost industrial nation With the growth of Iron and Steel Industries, the Britain came to be known as "Workshop of the World" In the beginning, the British bought goods in India and exported them to England. Later with the industrial development, they saw India as a vast market to sale their manufactured goods and products. This affected Indian crafts and industries Before the British conquest of Bengal, India was the largest producer of cotton textiles (well known for its quality and craftsmanship), traded in South East Asia(Java, Sumatra and Penang) WORDS TELL US HISTORIES Muslin - fine cotton cloth from India by Arab merchants in Mosul(Iraq) Calico - Portuguese took back cotton cloths along with spices from Calicut on the Kerala coast The British ordered 5,98,000 pieces of cloth which showed the popularity of Indian textiles in Western markets The order book contains different v...

  5. When People Rebel 1857 and After Nawabs and rajas lost their power and honour The Company not recognised the adopted son as the heir to the kingdom "The Doctrine of Lapse" It agitated the ruler of Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai who wanted her adopted son to rule the kingdom Nana Saheb , adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II pleaded the company to give pension but the company refused Awadh was annexed under subsidiary alliance and the British administration imposed The company decided to end the Mughal dynasty and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar as last ruler The peasants were disappointed with the rigid methods of revenue collection in the countryside Indian sepoys were unhappy with their pay, allowances and the conditions of service Company passed a new law in 1856, stated that the person who worked under the army had to work overseas if required Abolition of Sati, encouragement of widow remarriages and promotion of English language made an impact on Indian society In 1850, a ...

6. Human Resources Nation's greatest resource - People Ministry of Human Resource Development - to improve people's skills (1985) Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna - to train one crore Indian youth from 2016 to 2020 Pattern of population distribution - the way in which people spread across the earth surface 90 % population in 30% land surface 3/4 of world's people live in Asia and Africa 60% of people only in 10 countries (>100 million people) Crowded areas - South and South East Asia, Europe, North Eastern North America Population density - No. of People per unit area 382 persons / sq.km in India, 51 persons / sq.km in World Highest Density of Population - South Central Asia, East and South East Asia   FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION  DISTRIBUTION     GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS Topography - people prefer to live on plains than mountains, The Ganga plains - mostly densely populated in the world Climate - usually people avoid of extreme climates Soil - fertile soil...

5. Industries Secondary activities or manufacturing - Raw material to finished products Industry - an economic activity concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services Eg : Iron and steel Industry (production of goods) Coal mining (extraction of coal) Tourism(service provider)     CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES  Based on raw-materials    Agro-based industries - use plant and animal based products Eg: Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products, leather industries Mineral-based industries - primary industry use mineral ores as their raw materials, source to other industries Eg: Iron from iron ore - source for heavy machinery, building materials, railway coaches Marine-based industries - products from seas and oceans as raw materials Eg: sea food, marine oil Forest-based industries - forest   produce as raw materials Eg: pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings Based on size   -...

  4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Tribes had certain customs and rituals that were very different There also social and economic differences within tribes, but mostly they thought themselves as sharing common ties of kinship Jhum Cultivators - In North-East and Central India, they practised shifting cultivation (slash and burn, called as Bewar in Madhya Pradesh ) a patch of land is cleared and burnt, nutrients (potash) in soil used for cultivation Khonds in Orissa were hunters and gatherers, they went for collective hunts and divided the meat among themselves They exchanged goods (rice and other grains) in return for forest produce They also worked as labourers when the supplies of the forest produce shrank But the Baigas of Central India never work as labourers. They thought that to became a labourer was below their dignity   Tribals also depend on money lenders for cash needs (to buy and sell goods) some others were pastoralists The Van Gujjaris of ...

  4.Agriculture Transformation from a plant to a finished product - primary, secondary and tertiary activities Primary - extraction and production of natural resources Eg: agriculture, fishing, gathering Secondary - processing of these resources Eg: manufacturing of steels, baking of bread, weaving of cloth  Tertiary - support to primary and secondary through services Eg: transport, trade, banking, insurance, advertising Agriculture is a latin word (ager or agri - soil and culture - cultivation ) Sericulture - rearing of silk worms Pisciculture - Breeding of fish  Viticulture - cultivation of grapes Horticulture - Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits 50% persons of the world and 2/3 of Indian's population engaged in agriculture Arable land - land on which the crops are grown                  FARM SYSTEM Inputs are seeds, fertilizers, machinery and labour. operations are ploughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding and ha...

 3. Ruling the Countryside In 1765, the company became the Diwan of Bengal  (the chief financial administrator) They decided to administer the land and to organise its revenue resources Previously, the company purchased goods by importing gold and silver from Britain. Now they started to use the finances of Bengal for its expenses, soon led to the economic crisis in Bengal In 1770, 10 million people were died in terrible famine, 1/3 of population wiped out To increase the income in agriculture, Lord Cornwallis introduced permanent settlement in 1793  To ensure the regular flow of revenue, the amount was fixed permanently Zamindars were not invested in the improvement of the land, many zamindars failed to pay revenue and lost their zamindaris But in early 19CE, the market prices rose and resulted in the increase of income of the zamindars but no gain for the company Also this system was extremely oppressive to the cultivator, though he paid high rent to zamindars and...

  3.Mineral and Power Resources         MINERALS Mineral - a naturally occurring substance with definite chemical composition Can be identified on the basis of their physical properties(colour, density, hardness) and chemical properties (solubility) Types of Minerals - a)Metallic b)Non-metallic Metallic minerals - contain metal, conduct heat and electricity, characteristic lustre or shine, Eg: Iron ore, Bauxite, manganese ore Ferrous minerals - contains iron, Eg: Iron ore, manganese and chromite   Non- ferrous minerals -not contain iron, Eg: gold, silver, copper or lead Non-metallic minerals - not contain metals, Eg: limestone, mica, gypsum, coal and petroleum         EXTRACTION OF MINERALS       1. Mining - Process of taking out minerals from  buried rocks;  a) open cast mining – shallow depth  minerals extracted by removing surface layer b) shaft  mining – deep bores(shafts),made to reach...