NCERT 8 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 5

-

5. Industries


  • Secondary activities or manufacturing - Raw material to finished products
  • Industry - an economic activity concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services
  • Eg : Iron and steel Industry (production of goods)
  • Coal mining (extraction of coal)
  • Tourism(service provider)
   CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES 

  • Based on raw-materials  
  • Agro-based industries - use plant and animal based products
  • Eg: Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products, leather industries
  • Mineral-based industries - primary industry use mineral ores as their raw materials, source to other industries
  • Eg: Iron from iron ore - source for heavy machinery, building materials, railway coaches
  • Marine-based industries - products from seas and oceans as raw materials
  • Eg: sea food, marine oil
  • Forest-based industries - forest produce as raw materials
  • Eg: pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings
  • Based on size - amount of capital invested, number of people employed, volume of production
  • Small scale industries - less capital, less technology
  • Eg: Basket weaving, pottery, handicrafts - cottage/ household industry
  • Large scale industries - high capital, high technology
  • Eg: production of automobiles and heavy machinery
  • Based on ownership 
  • Private sector - owned by individuals / group of individuals
  • Public sector - by government
  • Eg: Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, Steel Authority of India Ltd.
  • Joint sector - by States and individuals / group f individuals 
  • Eg: Maruti Udyog Ltd  
  • Co-operative sector - by producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both
  • Eg: Anand Union Limited, Sudha Diary
  • Location of industries - availability of raw materials, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market 
  • Industrial regions - Eastern-North America, Western, Central and Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia
  • Emerging Industries(Sunrise Industries) - include Information technology, Wellness, Hospitality and Knowledge
     IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 
  • located in Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia
  • Feeder industry - backbone of modern industry
  • Steel is obtained through a process called smelting
  • Important centres are Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro, Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar, Vishakhapatnam and Salem
  • Jamshedpur - Tata Iron and Steel Company Ltd(TISCO) 
  • started in 1907 at Sakchi
  • near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai
  • 32 kms from Bengal - Nagpur railway line
  • Coal from Jharia fields
  • Iron ore, limestone, dolamite, manganese from odisha and chhattisgarh
  • The Steel Industry at Pittusburgh - Steel city of USA   
  • Iron ore from Minnesota mines (1500kms)
  • Water supply from rivers at Ohio, Mohogahela and Allegheny
  • Shipping ores cheaply - the famous Great Lakes Waterway( five lakes - Superior, Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie. of these, Lake Superior is the largest)

    COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
  • 'Textile' - latin word(texere- to weave)
  • Textile industries concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan
  • Fibres as raw material
  • Natural fibres are from wool, silk, cotton, linen, jute
  • Man-made fibres - nylon, polyester, acrylic, rayon
  • Cotton textile producers - Britain, India, China, Japan and USA
  • The muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara - known world wide for its quality and design
  • First textile mill in India - Kolkata in 1818
  • First successful mechanized textile mill - Mumbai in 1854
  • 1/3 of the Indian textile's production exported 
  • Ahmedabad - "Manchestar of India"
  • first mill established in 1859
  • second largest textile city after Mumbai
  • situated close to cotton growing area
  • water supply - river Sabarmati
  • climate - Ideal for spinning and weaving
  • Gujarat and Maharashtra - provide skilled and semi skilled labour
  • well developed Road and Railway - easy transportation
  • now the textile mills facing problems due to non- upgradation of machines and technology
  • Osaka - "Manchestar of Japan"  
  • plain - suitable for cotton growth
  • climate - for spinning and weaving
  • water supply - river Yodo
  • labour easily available
  • port facilitates imports and exports
  • cotton imported from Egypt, India, China and USA
  • finished product exported and has a good market (good quality and low price)
   INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY
  • The major hubs are the Silicon valley of Central California and the Bangalore region of India

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

NCERT 7 HISTORY CHAPTER 2

-
Image
  2. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS     THE EMERGENCE OF NEW DYNASTIES New dynasties emerged after 7th century Samantas - big landlords or warrior chiefs, subordinates to the kings, later declared themselves as maha-samanta, maha-mandaleshvara Rashtrakutas - sub ordinate to Chalukyas In mid eighth century, Dantidurga , a Rashtrakuta chief performed a ritual called hiranya-garbha (lead to the rebirth of the sacrificer as kshatriya) From Brahmanas to  Kings - the Kadamba Mayusrasharman and the Gurjara-Pratihara Harichandra     ADMINISTRATION IN THE KINGDOMS Titles - Maharaja- adhiraja (great king, overlord of kings), tribhuvana-chakravartin (lord of the three worlds) taxes collected to finance the king's establishment, construction of temples and forts, used to fight wars close relatives of the king held important positions, positions were often hereditary Inscription of the Cholas - Tamil Nadu, more than 400 terms for different kinds of taxes such as vetti ( in...
Read more

NCERT 9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 6

-
6. POPULATION Population - the pivotal element in social studies  Resources, calamities and disasters are all meaningful only in relation to human beings Census of India - official enumeration of population done periodically (for every 10 years) first census held in 1872 , the first complete census held in 1881       POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION India's population - 1210.6 million (as on march 2011) accounts for 17.5 % distributed over area of 3.28 million sq. km( 2.4 % of the world) Uttar Pradesh - the most populous state ( 199 million ) - 16% of country's population  Sikkim has a population of 0.6 million and Lakshadweep has only 64,429 people Rajasthan - the biggest state in terms of area, accounts only 5.5 % Half of India's population in 5 states - Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh Population density - Number of persons per unit area India - 382 persons per sq.km(densities vary from 1,102 per sq.km in Bihar...
Read more

NCERT 7 HISTORY CHAPTER 1

-
  1. TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS Cartography - the study and practice of making maps science of cartography differed in these two periods, produced with different historical backgrounds and contexts Map 1 -  made in 1154 CE by Arab geographer Al-Idrisi , showing Indian subcontinent from land to sea South India where we would find North India and Sri Lanka at top (upside down map)  marked in Arabic, important places like kanauj in U.P were also marked  Map 2 - 600 years after Map 1, made in 1720s by French cartographer  used by European sailors, had detailed account on coastal areas       NEW AND OLD TERMINOLOGIES  Historical records changed over time - not only grammar and vocabulary; the meanings of words also changed  Term 'Hindustan' used in 13th century by Minhaj-i-siraj , chronicler in Persian (meant the areas of punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and the Yamuna) Babar used same term 'Hindustan...
Read more