NCERT 8 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3

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 3.Mineral and Power Resources


       MINERALS

  • Mineral - a naturally occurring substance with definite chemical composition
  • Can be identified on the basis of their physical properties(colour, density, hardness) and chemical properties (solubility)
  • Types of Minerals - a)Metallic b)Non-metallic
  • Metallic minerals - contain metal, conduct heat and electricity, characteristic lustre or shine, Eg: Iron ore, Bauxite, manganese ore
  • Ferrous minerals - contains iron, Eg: Iron ore, manganese and chromite  
  • Non- ferrous minerals -not contain iron, Eg: gold, silver, copper or lead
  • Non-metallic minerals - not contain metals, Eg: limestone, mica, gypsum, coal and petroleum
       EXTRACTION OF MINERALS

      1.Mining - Process of taking out minerals from  buried rocks; a)open cast mining – shallow depth  minerals extracted by removing surface layer b)shaft  mining – deep bores(shafts),made to reach great   depth minerals

     2. Drilling – deep wells bored to take petroleum  and natural gas

     3.Quarrying – minerals near surface(simple dug)

·          DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS

  • Igneous and metamorphic rocks in large plateaus contain metallic minerals
  • Generally iron ore in N.Sweden; Cu, Ni in Ontario and Canada; Fe, Ni, Pt, chromites in S.Africa are examples
  •  Sedimentary rocks in plains, young fold mountains contain non metallic minerals
  • Limestone in Caucasus of France, Manganese in Georgia and Ukraine, Phosphate in Algeria are examples

     1.Asia - Large iron deposits found in China and  India, More than half of the world’s tin– China,  Malaysia, Indonesia

    2.Europe – leading producer of Iron ore

    3.North America - has three mineral zones; the  Canadian region north of the Great Lakes, the  Appalachian region and the mountain ranges of the west

    4.South America – Brazil has high grade iron-ore in the world

    5.Africa - World’s largest producer of diamond, gold and platinum

    6.Australia – largest producer of bauxite

    7.Antarctica – Transantarctic mountains contain  coal deposits and the Prince Charles mountains    contains iron

  • Minerals are non-renewable resource
  • Switzerland – has no mineral deposit
           POWER RESOURCES
  • Power resources are classified into conventional and non- conventional resources

         1.CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

  • Firewood - 50% of energy in village, used for cooking and heating
  • Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are conventional energy
  • Coal(Buried Sunshine) – abundant, fuel in industries, electricity produced from coal (thermal power)
  • Petroleum(Black Gold) – Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Qatar are chief petroleum producing countries. Petroleum is a latin word – Petra (Rock), Oleum(oil)
  • Natural gas – found with petroleum deposits, compressed natural gas (CNG)- eco-friendly automobile fuel
  • Hydel power – One fourth of world electricity, Norway – first country to develop hydroelectricity


2.NON-CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

  • Solar energy – trapped in solar cells to produce electricity
  • Wind energy - wind farms in Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain
  • Nuclear Power - obtained from nuclei of atoms of radioactive elements like uranium (Rajasthan and Jharkhand) and thorium (monazite sand of kerala)
  • Geothermal energy – heat energy obtained from earth
  • Tidal energy – energy generated from tides, first tidal energy station built in France
  • Biogas – organic waste converted into gaseous fuel, mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

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