NCERT 8 HISTORY CHAPTER 5

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 5. When People Rebel 1857 and After


  • Nawabs and rajas lost their power and honour
  • The Company not recognised the adopted son as the heir to the kingdom "The Doctrine of Lapse"
  • It agitated the ruler of Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai who wanted her adopted son to rule the kingdom
  • Nana Saheb, adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II pleaded the company to give pension but the company refused
  • Awadh was annexed under subsidiary alliance and the British administration imposed
  • The company decided to end the Mughal dynasty and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar as last ruler
  • The peasants were disappointed with the rigid methods of revenue collection in the countryside
  • Indian sepoys were unhappy with their pay, allowances and the conditions of service
  • Company passed a new law in 1856, stated that the person who worked under the army had to work overseas if required
  • Abolition of Sati, encouragement of widow remarriages and promotion of English language made an impact on Indian society
  • In 1850, a new law passed to make conversion to Christianity to inherit the property rights. This aroused the religious sentiments of Indians
  • finally a large number of people aroused in the northern parts and the company faced a massive rebellion in 1857
  • Mangal Pandey, who refused to use greased catridges(made of beef and pig fat) hanged to death 
  • Followed by many sepoys refused to do drill were sentenced to ten years in jail, the other Indian sepoys released them and killed British officials
  • The sepoys moved to Delhi, proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar as leader. He organised a confederacy of Indian states to fight the common enemy "Britishers"
  • In kanpur, Nana Saheb expelled the British garrison and proclaimed himself as Peshwa
  • In Lucknow, Birjis Qadar, son of Wajid Ali Shah became the new nawab
  • In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmibai fought along with Tantia Tope
  • In Mandla in Madhya Pradesh, Rani Avantibai Lobi of Ramgarh raised against the British
  • Ahmadullah Shah, a maulvi from Faizabad, Bakht Khan, a soldier from Bareilley and in Bihar,  Kunwar Singh, an old zamindar also fought against the British
  • The British tried to suppress the revolt, they recaptured Delhi and gave life imprisonment to Bahadur Shah Zafar and he died in jail in 1862
  • Important Leaders like Rani Lakshmibai(defeated and killed), Rani Avatibai(chose to embrace death), Tantia Tope (escaped but captured and killed) were died
  • The British took two years to completely suppress the revolt by 1859
      AFTERMATH
  • In 1859, the British regained the control of India
  • The British administration was transferred to the British Crown aided by a secretary of state and a council
  • The governor general was given the title of Viceroy
  • There will be no further annexation of states and rulers were to be hold as subordinates of the British Crown
  • Number of European soldiers in the army were increased, more soldiers recruited from the Gurkhas, Sikhs and Pathans instead from Awadh, Bihar, Central and South India
  • The land and property of muslims was confiscated
  • The British decided to respect the customs and practices of Indians
  • Policies were made to protect landlords and zamindars
  • Thus led to the new phase of History after 1857 

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