NCERT 8 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 6

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6. Human Resources


  • Nation's greatest resource - People
  • Ministry of Human Resource Development - to improve people's skills (1985)
  • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna - to train one crore Indian youth from 2016 to 2020
  • Pattern of population distribution - the way in which people spread across the earth surface
  • 90 % population in 30% land surface
  • 3/4 of world's people live in Asia and Africa
  • 60% of people only in 10 countries(>100 million people)
  • Crowded areas - South and South East Asia, Europe, North Eastern North America
  • Population density - No. of People per unit area
  • 382 persons / sq.km in India, 51 persons / sq.km in World
  • Highest Density of Population - South Central Asia, East and South East Asia
  FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

    GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
  • Topography - people prefer to live on plains than mountains, The Ganga plains - mostly densely populated in the world
  • Climate - usually people avoid of extreme climates
  • Soil - fertile soils for agriculture, Ganga and Brahmaputra in India, Hwang-He, Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt are densely populated 
  • Water - river valleys are densely populated, deserts have sparse population
  • Minerals - areas with mineral deposits are densely populated (Diamond mines of South Africa, discovery of oil in the Middle east)  
    SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS

  • Social - areas with better housing, education, health facilities Eg: Pune
  • Cultural - with cultural significance Eg: Varanasi, Jerusalem, Vatican city
  • Economic - areas with employment opportunities( Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India)

  • Life Expectancy - No. of years that an average person expect to live
      POPULATION CHANGE
  • Till 1800 - population grew steadily but slowly (no proper facilities)
  • In 1804 - 1 billion, in 1959 - 3 billion (population explosion), in 1999 - 6 billion (better food supplies and medicine)
  • Birth rate - No. of live births per 1000 people
  • Death rate - No. of deaths per 1000 people
  • Migration - Movement of people in and out of an area
  • Difference between the birth rate and the death rate - Natural growth rate
  • Population increase due to increase in natural growth rate
  • Emigrants - people who leave a country (Sudan)
  • Immigrants - who arrive in a country(USA, Australia)
  • Rates of population growth vary
  • High population growth rate in Kenya - High birth rates and low death rates
  • Growth is slow in United Kingdom - low birth and death rates
      POPULATION COMPOSITION
  • refers to structure of the population.
  • people vary in age, sex, literacy and health
      POPULATION PYRAMID

          

  • Kenya - many children born and many died, few become adults and very few old people
                      

  • Japan - low birth rates and decreased death rates
          

  

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