NCERT 8 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 4

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 4.Agriculture


  • Transformation from a plant to a finished product - primary, secondary and tertiary activities
  • Primary - extraction and production of natural resources Eg: agriculture, fishing, gathering
  • Secondary - processing of these resources Eg: manufacturing of steels, baking of bread, weaving of cloth 
  • Tertiary - support to primary and secondary through services Eg: transport, trade, banking, insurance, advertising
  • Agriculture is a latin word (ager or agri - soil and culture - cultivation)
  • Sericulture - rearing of silk worms
  • Pisciculture - Breeding of fish 
  • Viticulture - cultivation of grapes
  • Horticulture - Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits
  • 50% persons of the world and 2/3 of Indian's population engaged in agriculture
  • Arable land - land on which the crops are grown      

         FARM SYSTEM
  • Inputs are seeds, fertilizers, machinery and labour. operations are ploughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting. outputs are crops, wool, dairy, poultry products       
          TYPES OF FARMING
  • Subsistence farming
  • Commercial farming
         SUBSISTENCE FARMING 
  • practised to meet the needs of farmer's family (low technology, household labour , small output)
  • Intensive subsistence farming 
  • cultivates a small plot with simple tools and more labour
  • Prevalent in thickly populated monsoon regions,
  • Main crop - Rice
  • Primitive subsistence farming 
  • i)Shifting cultivation -"slash and burn" cultivation
  • a plot of land cleared and burnt, nutrients in ashes mixed with soil and crops are grown
  • once the fertility over, land is abandoned and shift to new plot
  • called by different names [Jhumming in North-East India, Milpa in Mexico, Roca in Brazil, Ladang in Malaysia] 
  • Crops - maize, yam, potatoes and cassava
  • ii)Nomadic herding - herdsmen move from place to place in extreme climates
  • sheep, camel, yak and goats are reared for milk, wool and hides 
          COMMERCIAL FARMING
  • crops are grown in large scale, for sale in markets
  • commercial grain farming - Wheat and Maize in temperate grasslands, only a single crop can be grown
  • mixed farming - land is for growing food, fodder crops and rearing livestock
  • plantations - single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, cotton.
  • large amount of capital and labour required
  • eg: rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, Tea in India and Sri Lanka 
           MAJOR CROPS
  • Rice - major food crop, requires high temperature and rainfall, grows best in alluvial clayey soil, China leads in the production of rice
  • Wheat - requires moderate climate, thrives best in loamy soil 
  • Millets(coarse grains) - hardy crop, grows in less fertile and sandy soils, In India - Jowar, bajra and ragi are grown
  • Maize(corn) - moderate climate, in well drained fertile soils 
  • Cotton - grows best on black and alluvial soils, main raw material for textile industries
  • Jute(Golden fibre) - grows well on alluvial soil, India and Bangladesh are leading producers
  • Coffee- requires warm and wet climate, in well-drained loamy soil
  • Tea - beverage crop, cool climate, in well-drained loamy soil; Kenya, India, china, Sri Lanka produces best quality tea 
  • Farms in India (developing country) mostly practise intensive agriculture with less technology while the farms in USA (developed country) practise commercial farming with heavy mechanisation

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