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2. From Trade to Territory Aurangzeb was the last powerful Mughal ruler During 1857 Revolt, the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah was forced to leave the kingdom, his sons were shot dead  1600 - Mercantile trading company (East India Company) acquired a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I With the charter, then the British had no competition with other English trading companies But a portuguese explorer, Vasco-da-Gama discovered this sea route in 1498 and also Dutch and the French also arrived for trade Competition between the English and the French led to the Carnatic wars. Carnatic war I (1740-48) - Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle Carnatic war II(1749-54) -Treaty of Pondicherry Carnatic war III (Battle of Wandiwash) (1758-63) - Treaty of Peace of Paris With the issue of farman - the East India Company began to trade with duty free Then the conflict between the British and the Nawab of Bengal led to the Battle of Plassey in 1757 Nawab was defeated because his commander Mir Jafar never fo...

2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and  Wildlife Resources       LAND 90 % of the world population in only 30% of land area Land is used for different purposes (Agriculture, Forestry, Mining, Building Houses, Roads and setting up of Industries) Use of land determined by topography, soil, climate, minerals and water Private land - owned by individuals  Community land - for common purposes (common property resources)  land use pattern which reflect the cultural changes in the society  Threats to environment - land degradation, landslides, soil erosion, desertification Conservation of land resources - afforestation, land reclamation, regulated use of chemical pesticide and fertilizers and checks on overgrazing         SOIL  Soil - thin layer of grainy substance, made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks           SOIL CONSERVATION   Mulching - Bare ground covered with st...

              1. RESOURCES Resource - Anything that can be used to satisfy a need Utility - Utility or Usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. Utility gives value Value means worth. Some has economic value, some may not Patent - It means the exclusive right over any idea or invention Time and technology - Factors which change the substance into resources Technology - It is the application of latest knowledge and skill in doing or making things Natural resources - Resources from nature and used without much modification Renewable resources - which get renewed or replenished quickly. Eg: Solar and Wind energy Non renewable resources - limited stock; once exhausted, it may take 1000 of years to be renewed. Eg: Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas Distribution of resources in the world is unequal Human made resources - Eg: Iron ore is not a resource until people learnt to extract from iron Human resources - refers to the number (...

      1.How, When and Where History is certainly about changes that occur over time First map ( James Rennel, 1782) - Brahmans offering the Shastras to Britannia  Lipton tea advertisement 1922 - Royalty all over the world is associated with this tea when the focus of study changes, a new set of dates will appear significant First Governor-General of Bengal was Warren Hastings , the first Governor General of India was William Bentinck and the last viceroy was Lord Mountbatten In 1817, James Will , composed 3 volumes of book "A History of British India " divided India into Hindu, Muslim, British . Also wrote that India was not capable of progress without British help. Other historians divided Indian history into Ancient, Medieval and Modern The term "Modern" refers to a period of growth of all forces of modernity but in India, the British rule did not have equality, freedom or liberty and also did not have economic growth and progress Hence, many historians refe...