NCERT 8 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 2

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2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and  Wildlife Resources


      LAND

  • 90 % of the world population in only 30% of land area
  • Land is used for different purposes (Agriculture, Forestry, Mining, Building Houses, Roads and setting up of Industries)
  • Use of land determined by topography, soil, climate, minerals and water
  • Private land - owned by individuals 
  • Community land - for common purposes (common property resources) 
  • land use pattern which reflect the cultural changes in the society 
  • Threats to environment - land degradation, landslides, soil erosion, desertification
  • Conservation of land resources - afforestation, land reclamation, regulated use of chemical pesticide and fertilizers and checks on overgrazing  
     SOIL
  •  Soil - thin layer of grainy substance, made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks


   
    SOIL CONSERVATION 
  • Mulching - Bare ground covered with straw, to retain soil moisture
  • Contour barriers - stones, grass, soil to build barriers ; Trenches to collect water
  • Rock dam - Rocks to slow down water flow, prevents gullies and soil loss
  • Terrace farming - Broad flat steps on steep slopes so that flat surface to grow crops , reduce runoff
  • Intercropping - different crops in alternate rows
  • Contour ploughing - Parallel Ploughs to contours of a hill slope, form a natural barrier for water 
  • Shelter belts - rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement in coastal and dry regions to protect soil cover 

                              

     WATER
  • Water - 3/4th of earth (Water Planet) 
  • Oceans - 2/3 rd of earth surface
  • Fresh water - 2.7% , 70 % of this as ice sheets and glaciers 
  • Only 1% is available for human use
  • An average urban Indian uses about 150 litres per day
  • Amreli city in Saurastra(Gujarat) - Population with 1.25 lakhs purchasing water from the nearby talukas
  • Used for agriculture, industries, generating electricity
  • Reasons for water shortage -  Increasing population, rising demands for food and cash crops, increasing urbanisation, rising standards of living
  • Most of Africa, W. Asia, S. Asia, parts of W.USA, N-W Mexico, parts of S. America and Australia are facing shortages
  • Rain Water Harvesting - the process of collecting rain water from roof tops and directing it to store for future purpose
     BIOSPHERE
  • A narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere 
  • Life supporting system(ecosystem), living beings are inter-related and interdependent on each other
  • Vultures - are vital cleanser of the environment (feed on the dead livestock); now were dying of kidney failure shortly after scavenging livestock with diclofenac, a painkiller
  • Birds and Animals are helpful in pollination and decomposition
  • Major types of Vegetation  - forests, grasslands, scrubs and tundra
  • Major concerns in decline of particular species - poaching of animals
  • Vanamohatsava - Forest festival is an annual tree planting festival, celebrated from 1 july to 7 july to speard awareness of forest conservation
  • National Park - a natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity of ecosystems
  • Biosphere reserves - series of protected areas linked to demonstrate the relation between conservation and development
  • CITES (the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna) International agreement to ensure that the international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival
  • With CITES, 5000 animal species and 28,000 plant species protected     

                         

                              




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