NCERT 7 HISTORY CHAPTER 3

-

 3. THE DELHI SULTANS


  • Delhi became an important city only in the 12th century
  • Tomaras Rajputs and Chauhans of Ajmer made Delhi an important commercial centre
  • Then in 13 th century, Delhi Sultans built many cities (Siri, Jahanpanah, Delhi-i-Kuhna, Tughluqabad, Adilabad, Firuzabad) 
  • They constructed several temples, minted coins (Delhiwal) and transformed Delhi into a capital
  • five dynasties altogether made Delhi Sultanate


    FINDING OUT ABOUT THE DELHI SULTANS
  • sources - Inscriptions, coins, architecture 
  • tarikh / tawarikh - valuable histories of Delhi Sultanate were written by learned men in Persian ( language of administration)
  • authors of tawarikh lived mostly in cities, wrote histories to earn rewards 
  • they preserved ideas on basis of birthright and gender distinctions
  • In 1236, Sultan Iltutmish's daughter Raziyya, became Sultan
  • Minhaj-i-Siraj, a chronicler recognised that Raziyya was qualified than all her brothers but he don't like a queen as ruler
  • She was removed from throne in 1240
    THE EXPANSION OF THE DELHI SULTANATE
  • Sultans controlled the cities in Delhi 
  • But the control over distant regions like Bengal and Sind (during war, rebellion, bad weather) from Delhi was extremely difficult
  • Consolidation of empire occurred during Ghiyasuddin Balban and expsansion occurred under Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq
  • First set of campaigns - along "internal frontier", forests cleared and agriculture encouraged, regional trade promoted
  • Second expansion - along "external frontier", military expeditions into Southern India started with Alauddin Khalji and ended with Muhammad Tughluq
  • Delhi Sultans built several mosques (masjid Arabic word of mosque)
  • Quwat-al-Islam, Begumpuri mosque, Moth Ki Masjid, Mosque of Jamali
  • These showed them as protectors of Islam and Muslims
  ADMINISTRATION AND CONSOLIDATION UNDER THE KALJIS AND TUGHLUQS
  • Instead of appointing aristocrats and learned cheiftains as governors, Iltutmish favoured special slaves for military service called Bandagan in Persian
  • this created political instability because the slaves and clients were loyal to the Sultans but not to the heirs of Sultans
  • tawarikh authors criticised for appointing "the low and base born" slaves to high offices
  • Iqta and iqtadar - the Khalji and Tughlaq appointed military commanders as governors called iqtadar / muqti and the lands were known as iqtas
  • muqtis collected revenues, then accountants were appointed to check the account of muqtis
  • Control over muqtis was most effective - their office was not inheritable and iqtas were assigned for a short period of time 
  • Alauddin Khalji had the total control of land revenue, old cheiftains and landlords served as revenue collectors
  • Three types of Taxes were collected i) 50% of peasant's produce (Kharaj) ii) on cattle iii) on houses
  • Genghis Khan - Mongol ruler, invaded Transoxiana in north-east Iran in 1219 and the Delhi Sultanate faced their onslaught soon after 
  • This forced Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi
  • Khalji followed defensive measures while Tughluq followed a military offensive measures against Mongols
   THE SULTANATE IN THE 15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES
  • After the Tughluqs, the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra until 1526
  • Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Rajasthan established flourishing states and independent rulers
  • This period also marked the emergence of new ruling groups like the Afghans and the Rajputs
  • Sher Shah Sur (1540-1545) a manager of small territory in Bihar defeated Humayun, the Mughal emperor and captured Delhi and established Sur dynasty
  • Sher Shah introduced an more efficient administration elements from Alauddin Khalji 
  • Sher Shah is called as the forerunner of the great emperor Akbar
  • Sur dynasty last only for fifteen years (1540-1555)

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

NCERT 7 HISTORY CHAPTER 2

-
Image
  2. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS     THE EMERGENCE OF NEW DYNASTIES New dynasties emerged after 7th century Samantas - big landlords or warrior chiefs, subordinates to the kings, later declared themselves as maha-samanta, maha-mandaleshvara Rashtrakutas - sub ordinate to Chalukyas In mid eighth century, Dantidurga , a Rashtrakuta chief performed a ritual called hiranya-garbha (lead to the rebirth of the sacrificer as kshatriya) From Brahmanas to  Kings - the Kadamba Mayusrasharman and the Gurjara-Pratihara Harichandra     ADMINISTRATION IN THE KINGDOMS Titles - Maharaja- adhiraja (great king, overlord of kings), tribhuvana-chakravartin (lord of the three worlds) taxes collected to finance the king's establishment, construction of temples and forts, used to fight wars close relatives of the king held important positions, positions were often hereditary Inscription of the Cholas - Tamil Nadu, more than 400 terms for different kinds of taxes such as vetti ( in...
Read more

NCERT 9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 6

-
6. POPULATION Population - the pivotal element in social studies  Resources, calamities and disasters are all meaningful only in relation to human beings Census of India - official enumeration of population done periodically (for every 10 years) first census held in 1872 , the first complete census held in 1881       POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION India's population - 1210.6 million (as on march 2011) accounts for 17.5 % distributed over area of 3.28 million sq. km( 2.4 % of the world) Uttar Pradesh - the most populous state ( 199 million ) - 16% of country's population  Sikkim has a population of 0.6 million and Lakshadweep has only 64,429 people Rajasthan - the biggest state in terms of area, accounts only 5.5 % Half of India's population in 5 states - Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh Population density - Number of persons per unit area India - 382 persons per sq.km(densities vary from 1,102 per sq.km in Bihar...
Read more

NCERT 7 HISTORY CHAPTER 1

-
  1. TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS Cartography - the study and practice of making maps science of cartography differed in these two periods, produced with different historical backgrounds and contexts Map 1 -  made in 1154 CE by Arab geographer Al-Idrisi , showing Indian subcontinent from land to sea South India where we would find North India and Sri Lanka at top (upside down map)  marked in Arabic, important places like kanauj in U.P were also marked  Map 2 - 600 years after Map 1, made in 1720s by French cartographer  used by European sailors, had detailed account on coastal areas       NEW AND OLD TERMINOLOGIES  Historical records changed over time - not only grammar and vocabulary; the meanings of words also changed  Term 'Hindustan' used in 13th century by Minhaj-i-siraj , chronicler in Persian (meant the areas of punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and the Yamuna) Babar used same term 'Hindustan...
Read more