NCERT 9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 6

-

6. POPULATION


  • Population - the pivotal element in social studies 
  • Resources, calamities and disasters are all meaningful only in relation to human beings
  • Census of India - official enumeration of population done periodically (for every 10 years)
  • first census held in 1872, the first complete census held in 1881
     POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION
  • India's population - 1210.6 million (as on march 2011) accounts for 17.5 % distributed over area of 3.28 million sq. km( 2.4 % of the world)
  • Uttar Pradesh - the most populous state (199 million) - 16% of country's population 
  • Sikkim has a population of 0.6 million and Lakshadweep has only 64,429 people
  • Rajasthan - the biggest state in terms of area, accounts only 5.5 %
  • Half of India's population in 5 states - Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh
  • Population density - Number of persons per unit area
  • India - 382 persons per sq.km(densities vary from 1,102 per sq.km in Bihar to only 17 persons in Arunachal Pradesh)
     POPULATION GROWTH
  • change in the number of inhabitants of a country during a specific period of time
  • From 1951 to 1981, the annual rate of population growth - steadily increasing (361 million to 683 million)
  • Since 1981 the rate started to decline (low birth rates but the annual addition larger than ever before)
  • If the total addition continue to grow, then India may overtake China in 2045 ( the most populous country in the world)
     PROCESSES
  • Birth rate - Number of live births per 1000 persons in a year (always higher than death rates in India)
  • Death rate - Number of deaths per 1000 persons in a year 
  • Till 1980, high birth rates and declined death rates resulting in higher rate of population growth
  • Since 1981, birth rates also started declining, the growth rate declined (positive indicator of the efforts of birth control)
  • Migration - movement of people across regions and territories. 
  • Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between the countries)
  • Internal migration cannot change the size of the population but change the composition (in terms of age and sex)  and distribution of Population
  • In India, people migrate from rural (poverty and unemployment) to urban areas (employment opportunities and better living conditions)
  • Urban Population - 1951 (17.29%) to 2011(31.80%)
  • From 2001 to 2011 - the number of 'million plus cities' (population with more than one million) increased from 35 to 53
     AGE COMPOSITION
  • the number of people in different age groups 
  • Children ( below 15 years) - 34.4 %, economically unproductive, need to be provided with food, clothing, education and medical care
  • Working age (15- 59 years) - 58.7%, economically productive and biologically reproductive
  • Aged (above 59 years) - 6.9 %, can be economically productive (retired, some working voluntarily)
     SEX RATIO 
  • Number of females per 1000 males
  • social indicator to measure the extent of equality between males and females in a society
  • Kerala - 1084 per 1000 males, Puducherry - 1038, Delhi - 866 and Haryana - 877
     LITERACY RATES
  • According to 2011 census, literate - person with 7 years of age who can read and write with understanding in any language 
  • Total country's literacy rate - 73% (males - 80.9%, females - 64.6%) 
  • low levels of literacy - serious obstacle for economic improvement
     OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
  • The distribution of population according to different types of occupation( primary, secondary and tertiary activities)
  • Developed countries - their workforce in secondary and tertiary activities
  • Developing countries - higher proportion of people in primary activities (64% population only in agriculture), secondary (13%) and tertiary sector (20%)
     HEALTH
  • affects the process of development
  • Death rates declined - 1951 (25 per 1000 population)  to 2011( 7.2 per 1000 population)
  • Life expectancy increased - 36.7 years (1951) to 67. 9 years (2012)
  • Because of improvement in public health, prevention of infectious diseases and application of modern medical practices in diagnosis and treatment of ailments
  • Per capita calorie consumption is much below the recommended levels and malnutrition afflicts our population
  • Still safe drinking water and basic sanitation amenities - available to only one-third of the rural population
     ADOLESCENT POPULATION
  • one-fifth of total Indian population
  • age group of 10-19 years
  • nutrition requirements of adolescents are higher than normal child or adult 
  • poor nutrition lead to deficiency and stunted growth
  • In India, adolescent diets - inadequate in all nutrients (adolescent girls suffer from anemia) 
     NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY

     The Family Planning Programme in 1952
  • to promote responsible and planned parenthood
    The National Population Policy 2000
  • a people centred programme
  • for imparting free and compulsory school education (upto 14 years)
  • reducing infant mortality to below 30 per 1000 live births
  • achieving universal immunisation of children
  • promoting delayed marriage for girls [emphasis adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases(STDs)] and making family welfare 
 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

NCERT 7 HISTORY CHAPTER 2

-
Image
  2. NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS     THE EMERGENCE OF NEW DYNASTIES New dynasties emerged after 7th century Samantas - big landlords or warrior chiefs, subordinates to the kings, later declared themselves as maha-samanta, maha-mandaleshvara Rashtrakutas - sub ordinate to Chalukyas In mid eighth century, Dantidurga , a Rashtrakuta chief performed a ritual called hiranya-garbha (lead to the rebirth of the sacrificer as kshatriya) From Brahmanas to  Kings - the Kadamba Mayusrasharman and the Gurjara-Pratihara Harichandra     ADMINISTRATION IN THE KINGDOMS Titles - Maharaja- adhiraja (great king, overlord of kings), tribhuvana-chakravartin (lord of the three worlds) taxes collected to finance the king's establishment, construction of temples and forts, used to fight wars close relatives of the king held important positions, positions were often hereditary Inscription of the Cholas - Tamil Nadu, more than 400 terms for different kinds of taxes such as vetti ( in...
Read more

NCERT 7 HISTORY CHAPTER 1

-
  1. TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS Cartography - the study and practice of making maps science of cartography differed in these two periods, produced with different historical backgrounds and contexts Map 1 -  made in 1154 CE by Arab geographer Al-Idrisi , showing Indian subcontinent from land to sea South India where we would find North India and Sri Lanka at top (upside down map)  marked in Arabic, important places like kanauj in U.P were also marked  Map 2 - 600 years after Map 1, made in 1720s by French cartographer  used by European sailors, had detailed account on coastal areas       NEW AND OLD TERMINOLOGIES  Historical records changed over time - not only grammar and vocabulary; the meanings of words also changed  Term 'Hindustan' used in 13th century by Minhaj-i-siraj , chronicler in Persian (meant the areas of punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and the Yamuna) Babar used same term 'Hindustan...
Read more