NCERT 9 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3

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   3. Drainage


  • Drainage - river system of an area (small streams to form main river which drains into lake/sea/ocean)
  • Drainage basin - Area drained by a single river
  • Amazon river - World's largest drainage basin
    DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN INDIA

     A)The Himalayan Rivers

  • Perennial (water throughout the year from rain as well as from melted snow)
  • Upper course - intensive erosional activities carry huge loads of silt and sand
  • Lower course - form meanders (bend in river channel), ox-bow lakes (cut-off lake) 
     B)The Peninsular Rivers

  • Seasonal (dependent on rainfall)
  • have shorter and shallower course
    THE HIMALAYAN RIVERS

    1.THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM 
  • rises in the Tibet, enters India in Ladakh
  • several tributaries -the Zaskar, the Nubra, the Shyok, the Hunza (join it in Kashmir)  
  • Flows through Baltistan and emerges from mountains at Attock
  • The Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab, the Jhelum - join together near Mithankot (Pakistan) 
  • drains into Arabian Sea(east of Karachi)
  • The Indus plain with a length of 2900km
  • One of the longest rivers of the world
  • Indus basin - Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and the rest in Pakistan
  • Indus Water Treaty(1960) - India can use only 20 % of total water from the Indus river system
     2.THE GANGA RIVER SYSTEM
  • Confluence of Bhagirathi (fed by Gangotri Glacier) and Alaknanda at Devaprayag in Uttarkhand
  • Right bank tributaries - the Yamuna (from the Yamunotri Glacier), the Ghanghara, the Gandak and the Kosi (from Nepal Himalayas, causes flooding and widespread damage every year)
  • Left bank tributaries - the Chambal, the Betwa, the Son (from peninsular uplands, have shorter course, not carry much water) 
  • flows till Farakka in West Bengal, bifurcates as Bhagirathi - Hooghly river (drains into Bay of Bengal) and into Bangladesh (joined by Brahmaputra)
  • Downstream known as Meghna, flows into Bay of Bengal, form a Delta known as Sundarban Delta (word derived from Sundari tree, World's largest and fast growing delta, also the home of Royal Bengal Tiger)
  • The length of river Ganga is 2500 km
  • The Namami Ganga Programme - "Integrated Conservation Mission" in 2014, Twin objective - abatement of Pollution, Conservation and Rejuvenation of River Ganga
     3.THE BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER SYSTEM 
  • rises in Tibet, very close to the Indus and the Satluj
  • slightly longer than the Indus
  • most of its course lies outside India and 'U' turn from Namacha Barwa (7757 m) enters Arunachal Pradesh(the Dihang joined with the Dibang, the Lohit to Brahmaputra in Assam)
  • Brahmaputra called as Tsang po in Tibet and Jamuna in Bangladesh)
  • has braided channel and forms many riverine island
     THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
  • The Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri - flow eastwards drains into Bay of Bengal and forms Delta
  • (Delta- triangular landform formed due to deposits from the rivers, fertile area)
  • The Narmadi and the Tapi - only long west flowing rivers and forms estuaries
  • (Estuaries - semi enclosed body of water, region of mixing of fresh river water and salt sea water, devoid of deposits)
     1.THE NARMADA BASIN
  • rises in the Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh
  • flows west in a rift valley (formed due to faulting)
  • creates picturesque locations (The Marble rocks, the Dhuadhar falls)
  • covers parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
  • The Namami Devi Narmade - The Narmada river conservation mission
     2.THE TAPI BASIN
  • rises in the Satpura ranges, in Betul in Madhya Pradesh
  • flows parallel to the Narmada but shorter in length
  • basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra
    The other main west flowing rivers - Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharathpuzha and Periyar

     3.THE GODAVARI BASIN
  • The largest Peninsular river
  • rises in Nasik in Maharashtra
  • length - 1500 km
  • largest drainage basin among peninsular rivers, drains into Bay of Bengal
  • Tributaries - the Purna, the Wardha, the Pranhita, the Manjra, the Wainganga, the Penganga
  • basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
  • Also known as Dakshin Ganga (Ganges of the South)
     4.THE MAHANADI BASIN
  • rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh
  • length - 860 km
  • basin covers Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha
     5.THE KRISHNA BASIN
  • rising from a spring near Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra
  • length - 1400 km
  • tributaries - the Tungabhadra, the Koyana, the Ghatprabha, the Musi and the Bhima
  • basin covers Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
     6.THE KAVERI BASIN
  • rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats
  • length - 760 km
  • tributaries - Amaravati, Bhavani, Hemavati, Kabini
  • drains parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
  • makes the second biggest waterfall in India - Shivasamudram Falls
     Other smaller east flowing rivers - the Damodar, the Brahmani, the Baitarni and the Subarnrekha

       LAKES
  • India has many lakes
  • Lakes of large extent are called Sea - the Caspian, the Dead and the Aral seas
  • ox-bow lakes - a meandering river across a flood plain forms cut off lakes
  • spits and bars form lagoons (water body separated from large water body by natural barrier)
  • Eg : the Chilika lake, the Pulicat lake, the Kolleru lake
  • seasonal - the Sambhar lake in Rajasthan (salt water lake, producing salt)
  • freshwater lakes - permanent, glacial origin
  • The Wular lake - the largest freshwater lake in India, is formed by tectonic activity
  • other freshwater lakes - the Dal lake, the Bhimtal lake, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani
  • Damming of rivers also led to form lakes
  • Eg : Guru Gobind Sagar (Bakra Nangal Project) for generation of Hydel Power
    ROLE OF LAKES - maintain the aquatic ecosystem, enhance natural beauty, helps in tourism and provide recreation

    ROLE OF RIVERS - basic natural resource, attracted settlers from ancient times, essential for irrigation, navigation, hydro-electric power generation

   NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP)
  • To improve the water quality 
  • The river cleaning programme (Ganga Action Plan in 1985) expanded to cover other rivers under NRCP in 1995
  

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