NCERT 6 HISTORY CHAPTER 8

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8. VITAL VILLAGES, THRIVING TOWNS


  • Use of Iron - began around 3000 years ago, largest collections found in megalithic burials
  • Evidence of Iron tools (axes and iron ploughshare) found - 2500 years ago
  • Irrigation works - canals, wells, tanks, artificial lakes built
    WHO LIVED IN THE VILLAGES AND CITIES?
    Three kinds of people 
  • In the Tamil region, large landowners (vellalar), ordinary ploughmen (uzhavar) and landless labourers (kadaisiyar and adimai)
     In North
  • the Village headmen (grama bhojaka) the post was hereditary, powerful functioned as judge and sometimes as policemen
  • independent farmers (grihapatis), workers (the dasa karmakara) 
  • Around 2300 years ago, Sangam literature composed and compiled in assemblies of poets held in Madurai
  • Jatakas - composed by ordinary people, then written and preserved by Buddhist monks
  • Ring wells - rows of pots, or ceramic rings arranged one on the top of the other, used as toilets in some cases, and as drains and garbage dumps
  • Sailors and Travellers - detailed account of ports
  • Sanchi stupa - sculpture in Madhya Pradesh(shows - scene in a city)
  • Punch marked coins - about 500 years in use, generally rectangular or square or round, made out of flattened metal sheets or globules, were not inscribed but stamped with symbols using dies or punches
     MATHURA
  • Important settlement for more than 2500 years, centre for two major routes of travel and trade, fine sculptures produced
  • second capital of Kushanas (around 2000 years ago)
  • religious centre - Buddhist monasteries, Jaina shrines and worship of Krishna were there
  • inscriptions - stone slabs and statues found
    CRAFTS AND CRAFTS PERSONS
  • The Northern Black Polished Ware(NBPW) - hard, wheel made, metallic looking ware
  • Famous cloth centres - Varanasi in the north and Madurai in the south
  • Shrenis - associations of crafts persons and merchants
  • Shrenis - provided training, procured raw material, and distributed the finished product, also served as banks
    ARIKAMEDU(IN PUDUCHERRY)
  • Between 2200 and 1900 years ago, coastal settlement
  • warehouse found
  • Amphorae (tall double-handled jars) from the Meditteranean region and Arretine Ware (stamped red glass pottery) named after a city in Italy
  • other local pottery (Roman designs, roman lamps, glassware and gems found)
  • small tanks for dyeing vats, evidence for making of beads found
  • Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions - pieces of pottery have inscriptions in Brahmi, which used to write Tamil
     ROME
  • Oldest city in Europe and capital of one of the largest empires
  • Augustus, important emperor, ruled about 2000 years ago
  • He and later rulers built huge amphitheatres and huge aqueducts

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