NCERT 6 HISTORY CHAPTER 6

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 6. NEW QUESTIONS AND IDEAS


   BUDDHISM

  • Siddhartha(Gautama) - founder of Buddhism, belonged to a small gana (Sakya gana)
  • known as the Buddha or the wise one
  • born 2500 years ago, was a kshatriya, attained enlightenment under a peepal tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar
  • Teachings - mostly in Prakrit, believed in Karma (the result of our actions)
  • life is full of sufferings and unhappiness because of unsatisfied cravings and desires (tanha / thirst)
  • taught people to be kind, respect others
  • Sarnath Stupa - built to mark the place where the Buddha first taught his message
  • passed away at Kusinara
  • Buddhism spread to many parts of the subcontinent and beyond
     SIX SCHOOLS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
  • Vaishesika - Konada
  • Nyaya - Gotama
  • Samkhya - Kapila
  • Yoga - Patanjali
  • Purva Mimansa - Jaimini
  • Vedanta / Uttara Mimansa - Vyasa 
    UPANISHADS
  • later vedic texts
  • later developed by famous thinker Sankaracharya
  • thinkers wanted to know about life after death
  • believed that ultimately, both the atman and the Brahman were one
  • ideas represented through simple dialogues
  • Satyakama Jabala - one of best-known thinkers, named after his mother, the slave women Jabali
  • Gargi - one among the women thinkers, famous for her learning and participated in debates
  • Panini - prepared grammar for Sanskrit, arranged the vowels and consonants in a special order
    JAINISM
  • Jaina - comes from Jina (meaning conqueror)
  • 2500 years ago
  • Vardhamana Mahavira - last and 24 th tirthankara, kshatriya price of Lichchhavis of Vajji Sangha
  • got enlightenment and taught a simple doctrine, mostly in Prakrit, the Prakrit in Magadha (Magadhi)
  • Followers(Jainas) had to observe celibacy and simple lives
  • transmitted orally, spread to different parts of north India, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
  • written form available at Valabhi in Gujarat (1500 years ago)
    THE SANGHA
  • arranged an association - for those who left their homes
  • Rules made for Buddhist sangha - Vinaya Pitaka
  • Separate branches for men and women
  • led simple lives, meditated for most of the time
  • begged for food(known as bhikkhus and bhikkhunis), taught others and helped one another
    MONASTERIES
  • Both Jaina and Buddhist monks, went from place to place, their supporters built temporary shelters
  • monasteries (permanent shelters - Viharas) made of wood and then of brick, caves were dug out in Western India
    THE SYSTEM OF ASHRAMAS
  • Brahmins developed a stage of life(ashramas - not a place)
  • Four ashramas
  • Brahmacharya - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas study Vedas and led simple lives during early years
  • Grihastha - marry and live as householders
  • Vanaprastha - live in the forest and meditate
  • Samnyasins - to give up everything
  • women not allowed to study Vedas, had to follow the ashramas chosen by their husbands
   ZOROASTRIANISM
  • a major religion in Iran
  • Zoroaster - Iranian prophet
  • Teachings - in a book 'the Avesta', similar to those of Vedas, insisted "Good thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds"
  • some migrated from Iran and settled down in Gujarat and Maharashtra were the ancestors of today's Parsis

    

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