NCERT 6 HISTORY CHAPTER 2

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 2. From Hunting - Gathering to growing Food


  • 2 million years ago, people who lived were hunter-gatherers, moved from place to place, in search of plant, animal and water resources and also due to seasonal change
  • People made and used tools of stone, wood and bone
  • Stone tools were used to cut meat and bone, scarp bark, hides, attached to handles to make spears and arrows and also to chop wood
  • Sites - where remains of things found
  • Factory sites - places where people found and made stone tools 
  • sometimes, people began to live there for long spells of time (habitation- cum-factory sites)

     PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD

  • (Palaeo - old, lithic - Stone)
  • Period : 2 million years ago - 12,000 years ago
  • divided into upper, middle and lower palaeolithic period (covers 99% of human history)
  • Palaeolithic sites - Bhimbetka, Hunsgi, Kurnool caves
  • Ostrich egg shells of Palaeolithic period were found at Patne, Maharashtra
     BHIMBETKA

  • present in Madhya Pradesh, close to Narmada Valley
  • cave and rock shelters found
  • Rock paintings - best examples are from Madhya Pradesh and southern Uttar Pradesh (wild animals drawn with great accuracy and skills)
     KURNOOL CAVES
  • where traces of ash found (shows that people were familiar with the use of fire)
     MESOLITHIC PERIOD
  • Meso - middle
  • Period : 12,000 years ago - 10,000 years ago
  • Around 12,000 years ago, due to climate change grasslands were developed, people started herding and rearing of animals
  • They began to grow wheat, barley, rice and also tamed the animal 'dog'
  • DOMESTICATION - people selected plants with large size grains, strong stalks and animals which not prone to disease, relatively gentle animals
  • The teeth and horn of wild animals were larger than that of domesticated animals
  • Earliest domesticated animals were sheep and goat and domesticated plants were wheat and barley
  • Then they began store grain for both food and seed and reared animals to get milk and meat (animals as a store of food)
     MEGALITHIC SITES 
  • Brahmagiri
  • Adichanallur
     NEOLITHIC PERIOD
  • About 10,000 years ago
  • Exciting finds - remains of burnt grain
  • Neolithic sites - Burzahom, Mehrgarh, Mahagara, Chirand, Koldihwa, Daojali Hading, Hallur, Paiyampalli
  • Stone tools in Neolithic sites were polished to give a fine cutting edge 
  • motars and pestles were also used
  • many kinds of earthen pots were used for cooking food(rice, wheat and lentils) and they began weaving clothes
     BURZAHOM
  • people built pit-houses and cooking hearths were found
     MEHRGARH
  • fertile plain, near Bolan Pass where people learnt to grow wheat and barley and reared sheep and goats
  • bones of deer, pig, sheep and goat were found 
  • these sites had the remains of square or rectangular houses and several burial sites were also found.

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