NCERT 8 HISTORY CHAPTER 1

    1.How, When and Where

• History is certainly about changes that occur over time
• First map (James Rennel, 1782) - Brahmans offering the Shastras to Britannia 
• Lipton tea advertisement 1922 - Royalty all over the world is associated with this tea
• when the focus of study changes, a new set of dates will appear significant
• First Governor-General of Bengal was Warren Hastings, the first Governor General of India was William Bentinck and the last viceroy was Lord Mountbatten
• In 1817, James Will, composed 3 volumes of book "A History of British India " divided India into Hindu, Muslim, British. Also wrote that India was not capable of progress without British help.
• Other historians divided Indian history into Ancient, Medieval and Modern
• The term "Modern" refers to a period of growth of all forces of modernity but in India, the British rule did not have equality, freedom or liberty and also did not have economic growth and progress
• Hence, many historians refer this as 'colonial'
• Sources of British India were the official records of British Administration
• Every Instruction, plan, policy, decision, agreement, investigation were clearly written up
• They had administrative culture of memos, notings and reports
• They established Archives and Museums and also created record room in all administrative institutions
• The National Museum (1949) and the National Archives (1920s) located at New Delhi
• They believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administered
• They conducted detailed surveys and at the end of 19th CE, Census were conducted for every 10 years
• All these records of British India do not tell what the common people felt. Most of these were produced by literate, so unable to understand about the lives of the tribals, the peasants, the mine workers and the poor.