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  1. WHAT IS HISTORY? History - the study of past events in chronological order The term "History" derived from the Greek word Istoria means 'learning by enquiry' Period and lifestyles of people in the Old Stone Age can be understood from the used stone tools We came to know their hunting style through their paintings on the rocks and the walls of the caves To live in a safe environment, our ancestors  realised that dogs could help them prevent the entry of such dangerous animals by its sniffing skill Inscriptions, monuments, copper plates, accounts of foreigners or foreign travellers and folktales play a vital role in constructing and reconstructing history Numismatics – the study of Coins Epigraphy - the study of inscription       PRE-HISTORY The period between the use of first stone tools and the invention of writing systems Stone tools, excavated materials and rock paintings are the major sources of pre-history      PROTO-HISTORY The peri...

  9.THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES We tend to associate each region with distinctive kinds of food, clothes, poetry, language, dance, music and painting Regional cultures are often the product of complex processes of intermixing of local traditions with ideas from other parts of the subcontinent     THE CHERAS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYALAM Example : for use of regional language in official record  [  Mahodayapuram (Kerala) - The Chera kingdom, established in 9th century and the rulers introduced the Malayalam language and script in their inscriptions] The Cheras also drew upon Sanskritic traditions First Malayalam literary works dated to about 12th century Lilatilakam - a 14th century text, composed in Manipravalam referring to two languages    RULERS AND RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS:  THE JAGANNATHA CULT The local tribal people make the wooden image of the deity was later identified with Vishnu In 12th century - Anantavarman decided to erect temp...